An ulcer is a wound or erosion in the lower portion of the food pipe, stomach, or duodenum. A gastric ulcer occurs when the natural resistance of the stomach tissues towards acids and the digestive juices decreases. Usually, there is a pain in the middle of the chest after having a meal because the food irritates the ulcer, therefore one tends to avoid eating. In a duodenal ulcer, there is increased acid secretion in the stomach, which trickles down into the duodenum and erodes it. This condition occurs on an empty stomach and so one prefers to overeat.

Difficulty in passing urine is known as Dysuria (Urinary Infection). It might be associated with pain. The condition can arise due to a urinary tract infection, any obstruction in the pathway, or an abnormal narrowing of the urethra. In Ayurveda, urinary difficulty (urinary infection) is known as mootrakrichhra; mootra means ‘urine’ and krichhra means ‘difficulty’.

Urinary tract infection is a common condition that arises when there is an infection caused by bacteria. The infection usually starts in the urethra and then travels up to the bladder and other parts of the urinary tract. There is a burning feeling when urinating and an increased frequency of urination. The condition is more common in females, as the urethra is smaller (becomes infected more easily) and near the anus (a source of contamination).

Raised itchy areas on the skin are usually an allergic response and are called hives, urticaria, or wheals. In Ayurveda, it is known as shitpitta. Hives are elevated above the surrounding skin, reflecting swelling of the skin. They are usually bright red around the edges and may have a texture like that of orange skin. The hives are usually well circumscribed but maybe coalescent and will blanch (whiten) with pressure. They usually itch.

Piles It is also known as Hemorrhoids, are swollen veins of the anal canal. The inflammation may be internal, occurring inside the anus, or externally protruding through the anus. They are often associated with a long history of indigestion and constipation, resulting in hard stools. They can be dry or may bleed. External haemorrhoids produce less bleeding than internal ones, where the veins more frequently will burst.

Sinusitis occurs when the tissues lining the air-filled spaces within the bones of the face are swollen. There is sneezing, difficulty in breathing, and a feeling of heaviness in the head. In Ayurveda, it is known as pinas.

Stomach ache or abdominal pain is a very common problem. Making a definitive diagnosis of the cause of abdominal pain can be difficult because many diseases can result in this symptom. Common pain in the belly (abdomen) is usually related to indigestion or an upset stomach. This occurs when the digestion process is more difficult than usual for the body to perform. This may occur as a result of certain foods, eating too fast, or eating food that is past its sell-by date.

Common symptoms of fever are high temperature, headache, muscle ache, burning eyes, loss of appetite, coated tongue, excessive production of saliva, feeling of heaviness and nausea. Aggravation of one, two or all the three doshas may cause fever. This aggravation resulting in fever can have many different sources—it can occur as a result of infection, because of external injury, insect bite or poisoning. Anything which disturbs the heat controlling mechanism of the body can cause fever.

Gout is a painful condition of the joints. Initially the small joints of the body are involved, such as those of the toes and fingers. The problem is due to impaired uric acid excretion. In Ayurveda, gout is known as vatrakt, as the main dosha involved is vata and it affects rakt dhatu.

Stress, worry, anxiety, and inadequate nutrition lead to hair loss and premature greying of hair. A certain amount of hair loss is considered normal, as old strands are replaced by new. When hair loss is excessive, care must be taken. Similarly, the greying of hair after a certain age is a normal phenomenon, but when this starts in the early years of life, one should look for remedies. This is a common problem in young adults, making them look older than their age. It can also occur in children. In Ayurveda, this disorder is known as khalitya-paalitya.